Roy Wilkins

"A towering figure in American history and during the time he headed the NAACP. It was during this crucial period that the association was faced with some of its most serious challenges and the whole landscape of the black condition in America was changed, radically, for the better." ~ Benjamin Hooks

Roy Wilkins was born August 30, 1901 in St. Louis and graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1923 with a degree in sociology. While in college he was night editor for the student newspaper Minnesota Daily and reporter for the St. Paul Appeal. After graduation he took a job at The Call in Kansas City, soon becoming managing editor.

His lifetime work with the NAACP began in 1931 as assistant secretary under Walter White. When W. E. B. DuBois resigned in 1934, Wilkins replaced DuBois as editor of Crisis magazine, a position he held until 1949. He then became administrator of internal affairs, and in 1955 was elected Executive Secretary, the highest staff position, a title changed to Executive Director in 1964.

Wilkins worked to advance civil rights through legislation, frequently testifying before congressional hearings and conferring with presidents Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford and Carter. He was one of the organizers of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963, was named to the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders in 1967, and chaired the U. S. Delegation to the International Conference on Human Rights in 1968. He was awarded the NAACP's Spingarn Medal in 1964 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1967.

During a time of increasing militancy, Wilkins was known as a moderate, conciliatory leader, expressing this opinion in The New York Times:

The Negro has to be a superb diplomat and a great strategist. He has to parlay what actual power he has along with the good will of the white majority. He has to devise and pursue those philosophies and activities which will least alienate the white majority opinion. And that doesn't mean that the Negro has to indulge in bootlicking. But he must gain the sympathy of the large majority of the American public. He must also seek to make an identification with the American tradition.

Criticism of his conservative approach came from other civil rights leaders such as DuBois, Daisy Bates and Fred Shuttlesworth, especially in regard to his cooperation with the anti-communist efforts in the early 1950's. At that time Wilkins collaborated with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to publish and distribute leaflets denouncing activist Paul Robeson, a frequent target of the anti-communist movement.

Wilkins died in New York City on September 8, 1981 at the age of 80. He was a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.

Gwendolyn Bennett

"Texans feel they have a claim on her and that the beautiful and poignant lyrics she writes resulted partially from the impression of her early Texas surroundings. ~ J Mason Brewer, folklorist

To a Dark Girl

I love you for your brownness,
And the rounded darkness of your breast,
I love you for the breaking sadness in your voice
And shadows where your wayward eyelids rest.
Something of old forgotten queens
Lurks in the lithe abandon of your walk
And something of the shackled slave
Sobs in the rhythm of your talk.
Oh, little brown girl, born for sorrow's mate,
Keep all you have of queenliness,
Forgetting that you once were slave,
And let your full lips laugh at Fate!

Gwendolyn Bennett was born July 8, 1902 in Giddings, Texas between Austin and Houston. She spent her childhood on the Paiute Indian Reservation in Nevada where her parents taught for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, in Washington DC, and in New York City. She graduated from both Columbia University and the Pratt Institute in 1924 and for one year taught design and crafts at Howard University. She attended the Academie Julian and Ecole du Pantheon in Paris.

The Pipes of Pan
by Gwendolyn Bennett

Bennett's first published work was in the NAACP's Crisis Magazine in November 1923. She later designed covers for the magazine. Her work also appeared in Opportunity, the magazine of the National Urban League, and she became its assistant editor in 1926. There, she wrote a column entitled "The Ebony Flute" showcasing artists of the Harlem Renaissance, and co-founded the literary journal Fire, where her best-known short story "Wedding Day" was published. She also started a support group for young writers such as Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen and Zora Neale Hurston. 

She married in 1927 and moved to Florida but returned to New York when she was widowed in 1936. She led the Harlem Community Art Center and was on the board of the Negro Playwrights Guild. She also helped develop the George Washington Carver Community School and worked for the Consumers Union during the later years of her life. She died in Pennsylvania on June 30, 1981.